Bubonic Plague1 essays

Bubonic Plague1 essays The Bubonic Plague has killed more people than any other plague. During the 1300s, the Black Death, as they called it, killed nearly half the population of Europe. They called it the Black Death because of the dark color the peoples faces would turn after they died. It is caused by rod-shaped bacteria, Yersinia Pestis. The Bubonic Plague is an acute and severe infection. It is carried by the fleas on infected rodents(rat, squirrel). If the rodent or flea bites a person then it can be passed from person to person from mucus droplets spread by coughing. When infected, the person becomes ill in a few hours to a few days. The bacteria spread throughout the body. The symptoms include swollen lymph nodes(buboes), damaged capillaries signified by bleeding under the skin and black splotches, high fever, aching limbs, vomiting blood, shivering and extreme pain, and swelling continues in lymph nodes on groins, armpits, and neck until they burst shortly before death. Other forms of the plague are pneumonic, which causes severe pneumonia and septicemia. All forms of the plague are extremely dangerous and contagious. (2) The plague has been known for at least three-thousand years. Epidemics have been recorded in China since 224bc. The disease occurred in huge pandemics that destroyed the entire populations of cities throughout the Middle Ages; they have occurred sporadically since that time. The last great pandemic began in China in 1894 and spread to Africa, the Pacific islands, Australia, and the Americas, reaching San Francisco in 1900. Plague still occurs in Asia, Africa, South America, and Australia, but rarely appears in the U.S. Two small, well-contained outbreaks occurred in India in 1994. In 1950 the World Health Organization initiated sanitation programs for plague control throughout the world. (1) Many preventive measures, such as sanitation, killing of rats, and prevention of the transport of...

1,462 Basic Plot Types

1,462 Basic Plot Types 1,462 Basic Plot Types 1,462 Basic Plot Types By Michael For centuries, writers and critics have tried to put stories into basic categories. Ive written about the scientific quest for universal plot types using the Hedonometer and the theories of Kurt Vonnegut. My colleague Mark Nichol has written about several lists of types of plots: three types, seven types, another seven types, twenty types, and thirty six types. Before I reread Marks article, I thought I could combine them all and write my own article called The 69 Types of Plots. Then I heard about the 1928 book Plotto, where dime store novelist William Wallace Cook comes up with 1,462 basic plots. So it never ends. Is it really true that all stories fit into rigid plot types? Maybe not. Even Plottos categories dont always seem rigid to me. But human nature does dictate certain rules. Theres a reason why the Computational Story Laboratorys Hedonometer has a story type rise then fall then rise but not one called rise rise rise rise. Our emotions need a contrasting break. If you write an experimental story without either conflict or plot or character development, the result will probably not be innovative so much as it will be boring. If you decide to be clever by not tying up any loose ends, you will succeed in frustrating your reader instead of delighting him. No, certain plots are universally attractive, even if we dont understand why. Even business proposals are easier to adopt if they have a plot. The theories of psychoanalyst Carl Jung has deeply influenced several list-makers, such as Joseph Campbell (The Hero with a Thousand Faces) and Christopher Booker (The Seven Basic Plots). Jungs mythology has lost the lions share of the popularity it once held. But the fact that stories all over the world have common elements: thats more than a theory. Joseph Campbell describes 17 stages from Departure, Initiation, and Return. Christopher Bookers meta-plot has five elements: Anticipation Dream Frustration Nightmare Resolution Another theory which you might have learned in school says there are four types of plots. Here is my take on them: Dramatic the traditional chronological story, with a climax and a resolution. Episodic chronological but less linear and more loose, often made up of separate character-based episodes instead of a single story. Parallel two chronological stories are woven together. The focus may shift back and forth from the events of one character to the other. Flashback not chronological: events from the past are sometimes presented after events of the present. This can be interesting but confusing. When I looked at the lists in Marks article, I realized that some items are not mutually exclusive. Some lists have a different focus and basic types appear on more than one list. Also, your story can have more than one basic plot or conflict. The longer your story is, the longer you need to hold your readers interest, and the more plot elements or conflicts you will need to include. In Plotto, William Wallace Cook makes it to 1,462 by combining and recombining plot elements. One common list of plot types (man against x, man against y, man against z, etc.) is actually a list of conflict types, several of which can appear in a single story. In a classic amnesia tale, a man regains consciousness with no memory of who he is. He realizes he has driven his car off the road into a snowbank (or into a hole, making him a man in a hole.) He is able to start the car (person vs. technology) without freezing to death (person vs. nature). He goes to the home address on his drivers license and convinces the hostile woman who answers the door presumably his wife to let him in (person vs. person) while hiding the fact that he doesnt remember who she is. His personal calendar tells him he has an appointment in two hours, where he pretends to remember the woman hes meeting with, learning that they are leaders in a criminal conspiracy (person vs. society). That night, he dreams about his family and associates, He is tempted to deny the evil that he sees (person vs. self) and the fact, as it turns out, that he has dreamed actual events (person vs. supernatural). Aware now of what kind of life he has led, he must decide whether to change his life or continue on the same destructive path (person vs. higher power). Basic Plot Types (69 of them) Finally, heres a list of all the plot types referred to in Mark Nichols article: Overcoming the Monster Rags to Riches Voyage and Return Comedy Tragedy Rebirth Person versus higher power/fate Person versus self Person versus person Person versus society Person versus nature Person versus the supernatural Person versus technology Quest Adventure Pursuit Rescue Escape Revenge The Riddle Rivalry Underdog Temptation Metamorphosis Transformation Maturation Love Forbidden Love Sacrifice Discovery Wretched Excess Ascension Descension Supplication Deliverance Crime Pursued by Vengeance Vengeance taken for kindred upon kindred Pursuit Disaster Falling Prey to Cruelty of Misfortune Revolt Daring Enterprise Abduction The Enigma Obtaining Enmity of Kinsmen Rivalry of Kinsmen Murderous Adultery Madness Fatal Imprudence Involuntary Crimes of Love Slaying of a Kinsman Unrecognized Self-Sacrificing for an Ideal Self-Sacrifice for Kindred All Sacrificed for Passion Necessity of Sacrificing Loved Ones Rivalry of Superior and Inferior Adultery Crimes of Love Discovery of the Dishonor of a Loved One Obstacles to Love An Enemy Loved Ambition Conflict with a God Mistaken Jealousy Erroneous Judgement Remorse Recovery of a Lost One Loss of Loved Ones If thats not enough, you can always try Plotto. 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